Industrial fuel oil serves a vital purpose in many sectors of our economy. This processed petroleum product is widely used to generate power for industrial operations, covering from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The qualities of industrial fuel oil make it a efficient choice for these demanding applications.

Sputtering is a vital technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a leading method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with controlled thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that then de